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Country profile:
Moldova
languages: Moldovan, Russian President (acting): Mihai Ghimpu
religion: Christianity
Agro-Industry Development
Agriculture
provides employment for over 40 percent of the
population and contributes nearly a third of
GDP. Some 75 percent of Moldovan territory is
fertile Chernozem (black earth) and agricultural
products account for 75 percent of all exports.
Twenty-one percent of Moldovan agricultural land
was held as individual farms, 61 percent as
cooperative farms, and 18 percent by state-owned
farms in 1999; in all, 85,000 private farmers
were operating throughout the country.
Privatization of former cooperative farms has
been slow (al-most nonexistent in Transnistria)
and the land market has been small, not least
because foreigners are not allowed to purchase
land. Farm consolidation is taking root as
approximately 10,000 larger farms were formed in
1998 and 1999.
Cereals, sunflowers, sugar beets, potatoes,
vegetables, tobacco, fruits, and grapes are
grown, but plantings of capital-intensive
crops-tobacco and vegetables- have declined due
to the loss of markets and limited domestic
consumption. The number of livestock decreased
considerably over the 1990s due to high costs
and low demand. The agricultural sector has been
affected over the 1990s by droughts, frosts,
floods, and shortage of materials, machines, and
fertilizers once supplied by the USSR. More
intensive farming techniques have lowered
productivity by 35 percent. The sector still
receives subsidies and tax incentives, but
recent command measures (such as the attempt to
ban wheat exports) continue to repel potential
investors.
Sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, Moldova emerged as an independent republic following the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
The bulk of it, between the rivers Dniester and Prut, is made up of an area formerly known as Bessarabia. This territory was annexed by the USSR in
1940 following the carve-up of Romania in the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's USSR.
Two-thirds of Moldovans are of Romanian descent, the languages are virtually identical and the two countries share a common cultural heritage.
The industrialised territory to the east of the Dniester, generally known as Trans-Dniester or the Dniester region, was formally an autonomous area within Ukraine before 1940 when the Soviet Union combined it with Bessarabia to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.
This area is mainly inhabited by Russian and Ukrainian speakers. As people there became increasingly alarmed at the prospect of closer ties with Romania in the tumultuous twilight years of the Soviet Union, Trans-Dniester unilaterally declared independence from Moldova in 1990.
There was fierce fighting there as it tried to assert this independence following the collapse of the USSR and the declaration of Moldovan sovereignty. Hundreds died. The violence ended with the introduction of Russian peacekeepers. Trans-Dniester's independence has never been recognised and the region has existed in a state of lawless and corrupt limbo ever since.
The region reasserted its demand for independence and also expressed support for a plan ultimately to join Russia in a September 2006 referendum which was unrecognised by Chisinau and the international community.
It still houses a stockpile of old Soviet military equipment and a contingent of troops of the Russian 14th army. Withdrawal began under international agreements in 2001 but was halted when the Trans-Dniester authorities blocked the dispatch of weapons. Subsequent agreements to resume did not reach fruition as relations between Moscow and Chisinau cooled.
The Moldovan parliament granted autonomous status to the Turkic-language speaking Gagauz region in the southwest of the republic in late 1994. It has powers over its own political, economic and cultural affairs.
Moldova is one of the very poorest countries in Europe and has a large foreign debt and high unemployment. Its once-flourishing wine trade has been in decline and it is heavily dependent on Russia for energy supplies.
The Russian gas supplier Gazprom cut the gas supply off at the beginning of 2006 when Moldova refused to pay twice the previous price. A temporary compromise arrangement was reached soon afterwards and the two sides agreed a new price in July 2006 with a further rise in 2007.
Gas supplies were cut off again for several weeks in January 2009, this time as a result of a dispute over prices between supplier Russia and transit country Ukraine.
Born in 1951 and a lawyer by profession, Mihai Ghimpu was a founder-member of Moldova's pro-independence Popular Front in 1988 and served as a member of parliament from 1990-1998.
He went on to help form and then lead the Liberal Party, and was elected to the city council in the capital Chisinau in 2007.
His nephew Dorin Chirtoaca, the vice-president of the Liberal Party, has been mayor of Chisinau since 2007 and played a leading role in opposing the governing Communist Party in the two parliamentary elections of 2009.
Mr Ghimpu was once again elected to parliament in April 2009 and became speaker after the July re-run of the election, when the anti-Communist opposition formed a new government.
When Communist President Vladimir Voronin resigned on 11 September, Mr Ghimpu succeeded him on an acting basis until parliament elects a new president.
Prime minister: Vlad Filat
The pro-Western Vlad Filat took office in September 2009 after a re-run of the April election led to the ousting of the Communists, who had been in power since 2001.
Mr Filat wants Moldova to seek greater integration with Europe
Mr Filat described the July re-run as "a victory for truth". His Liberal Democratic Party proceeded to form a coalition with three other anti-Communist parties, and the new government finally took office on 25 September after winning the approval of parliament.
However, the pro-Western governing coalition only holds 53 of the 101 seats in parliament, and as a three-fifths majority is required to elect a new president, it is not in a position to do this without the support of at least some Communists.
Mr Filat has described integration with Europe as "an absolute priority" for his government. He has stopped short of advocating full membership of the EU, but has called for Moldova to be granted special partnership status.
He was born in 1969 and studied law at the University of Iasi in Romania. On graduating, he went into business.
He first entered parliament in 2005 and became the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party in 2007.
Television is the most-popular medium. The public broadcaster's Moldova One channel is available nationwide. Observers say it presents a highly-favourable image of the ruling party. Russia's Channel One and Romania's Antena 1 networks are widely available.
By 2009 there were 37 terrestrial TV channels, 47 radio stations and 168 cable operators, according to the media regulator.
The press divides along pro-government or opposition-leaning lines. Political parties publish their own titles. Moldovan editions of Russian papers are among the best-selling publications. The reach and impact of the print media are low.
While the constitution guarantees press freedom, the penal code and press laws prohibit defamation and insulting the state. Reporters Without Borders (RSF) said the media were "targeted" by demonstrators and "treated as an enemy" by security forces amid post-election protests in April 2009.
Around 700,000 Moldovans were online by March 2008 (Internetworldstats). Anti-communist youth protests in April 2009 were organized with the help of social media platforms and text messaging.
The authorities in the breakaway Trans-Dniester region operate their own TV and radio outlets.
Country profile:
Moldova
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